Research design
Define outcomes and dependent variables
Use the Outcome Builder to define what will be measured, when, at what unit, and with which scoring rule.
The basic idea
An outcome is not merely a label such as quality. It needs an observable unit, scale, direction, aggregation, missing-data rule, scoring method, timing, and rubric. One outcome should be explicitly primary.
Use exact-match accuracy as the primary outcome for a benchmark study and decision-space breadth or quality-adjusted considerations as prespecified secondary outcomes.
How to do it
- 1
Choose the construct the study is actually intended to explain.
- 2
Select the unit: answer, item, model, round, run, or participant.
- 3
Define the scale, direction, aggregation, missing-data policy, scorer, and measurement timing.
- 4
Write a rubric specific enough that an independent analyst could implement it, then lock the outcome manifest.
What to watch for
- Do not switch the primary outcome after inspecting results.
- An LLM-scored outcome needs validation and uncertainty analysis.
- A count of considerations measures breadth, not necessarily truth or benefit.
What a useful result looks like
The Outcome Builder creates a machine-readable definition that can flow into scoring, figures, and the experiment record.